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And participate in the second 1960 presidential debate, held in the NBC studios in Washington D.C. And moderated. During, it has become customary for the main candidates (almost always the candidates of the two largest parties, currently the and the ) to engage in a. The topics discussed in the debate are often the most controversial issues of the time, and arguably elections have been nearly decided by these debates (e.g., Nixon vs. Candidate debates are not mandated, but it is now considered a de facto election process. The debates are targeted mainly at undecided voters; those who tend not to be partial to any political ideology or party. Presidential debates are held late in the election cycle, after the political parties have.
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The candidates meet in a large hall, often at a, before an audience of citizens. The formats of the debates have varied, with questions sometimes posed from one or more journalist moderators and in other cases members of the audience. Between and, the formats have been governed in detail by secret (MOU) between the two major candidates; an was also negotiated, but unlike the earlier agreements it was jointly released by the two candidates.
Debates have been broadcast live on television, radio, and in recent years, the web. The first debate for the 1960 election drew over 66 million viewers out of a population of 179 million, making it one of the in U.S. Television history. The 1980 debates drew 80 million viewers out of a population of 226 million. Recent debates have drawn decidedly smaller audiences, ranging from 46 million for the first 2000 debate to a high of over 67 million for the first debate in 2012. A record-breaking audience of over 84 million people watched the first 2016 presidential debate between and, a number that does not reflect online streaming. This section does not any.
Unsourced material may be challenged and. (October 2012) While the first general presidential debate was not held until 1960, several other debates are considered predecessors to the presidential debates. The in 1858 between and for U.S. Senate were true, face-to-face debates, with no moderator; the candidates took it in turns to open each debate with a one-hour speech, then the other candidate had an hour and a half to rebut, and finally the first candidate closed the debate with a half-hour response.
Douglas was later re-elected to the Senate by the Illinois legislature. Lincoln and Douglas were both nominated for president in 1860 (by the and, respectively), and their earlier debates helped define their respective positions in that election, but they did not meet during the campaign. Republican candidate challenged President to a debate in 1940, but Roosevelt refused. In 1948, a radio debate was held in between and, Republican candidates for president. The Democrats followed suit in 1956, with a presidential primary debate between and. The of the invited both presidential candidates to debate at the University of Maryland.
In August 1956 the wrote an article with the headline 'Immigrant Urges Presidential Debates.' Both chairperson of both parties were contacted and considered the suggestion.
Kahn, a student of the University of Maryland, Class of 1960, was an early proponent of national presidential debates. In August 1956, Mr. Kahn sent a letter to UM President in which he proposed to have the U.S. Presidential candidates from both political parties together on the same platform to answer questions from a panel of college students. Kahn also sent letters to the and, and. Roosevelt responded to Kahn that she 'felt this might be something that would arose (sic) the interest of young people all over the country' and that she thought 'it would be a gesture not only to all those at the University of Maryland but to young people in this group all over the country.' Roosevelt also sent a letter regarding Kahn's proposal to, Adlai Stevenson's, endorsing Kahn's proposal.
The precise impact of Kahn's proposal on the Kennedy-Nixon debates during the 1960 presidential campaign is unclear, but his ideas did receive national press exposure. Four years later the first televised debates (the Kennedy-Nixon debates) were held. 1960 Kennedy–Nixon debates. This section's tone or style may not reflect the used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's for suggestions. (February 2017) The first general election presidential debate was held on September 26, 1960, between U.S.
Senator, the Democratic nominee, and, the Republican nominee, in at the studios of 's. It was moderated by and included a panel composed of of NBC News, Charles Warren of Mutual News, of CBS, and Bob Fleming of ABC News. Historian J.N. Druckman observed 'television primes its audience to rely more on their perceptions of candidate image (e.g., integrity). At the same time, television has also coincided with the world becoming more polarized and ideologically driven.' While Kennedy was considered a stronger debater on television, radio listeners found that Nixon had did as well if not better than JFK in the.
From the outset, Nixon was considered to have the upper hand due to his knowledge of foreign policy and proficiency in radio debates. However, because of his unfamiliarity with the new format of televised debates, factors such as his underweight and pale appearance, the suit color blending in with the debate set background, reducing his stature, and refusing television makeup resulting in a led to his defeat. Many observers have regarded JFK's win over Nixon in the first debate as a turning point in the election.
After the first debate, polls showed Kennedy moving from a slight deficit into a slight lead over Nixon. Three more debates were subsequently held between the candidates: On October 7 at the WRC-TV NBC studio in Washington, D.C., narrated by with a panel of four newsmen, CBS;, ABC; Alvin Spivak, UPI; Harold R. Levy, Newsday; October 13, with Nixon at the ABC studio in Los Angeles and Kennedy at the ABC studio in New York, narrated by with a panel of four newsmen; and October 21 at the ABC studio in New York, narrated by with a panel of four including Frank Singiser, John Edwards, and.
Nixon regained his lost weight, wore television makeup, and appeared more forceful than in his initial appearance, winning the second and third debates while the fourth was a draw, however the viewership numbers of these subsequent events did not match the high set by the first debate. Nixon later refused to do television debates in 1968 and 1972 as he felt his appearance had cost him against JFK in the tight-run race. 1968 and 1972 primary debates General election debates were not held for the, and, although intra-party debates were held during the primaries between Democrats and in 1968 and between Democrats, and others in 1972. 1976 to present.
Carter and Ford debate domestic policy at the in Philadelphia (September 23, 1976). It was not until 1976 that a second series of televised presidential debates was held during the general election campaign season. The debates were sponsored. On September 23, 1976, Democratic candidate, of Georgia, and the Republican incumbent, President from Michigan, agreed to three debates (one on domestic issues, one on foreign policy, and one on any topic) on television before studio audiences. A single vice-presidential debate was also held that year between Democratic Senator and Republican Senator. Roughly an hour into the first televised debate, the broadcast audio coming from the and fed to all networks suddenly cut out, effectively muting the candidates in the middle of a statement by Carter.
The two candidates were initially unaware of this technical glitch and continued to debate, unheard to the television audience. They were soon informed of this problem, and proceeded to stand still and silently at their podiums for about 27 minutes, until the problem - a blown - was located and fixed, in time for Carter to briefly finish the statement he had begun when the audio cut out, and for both candidates to issue closing statements. The dramatic effect of televised presidential debates was demonstrated again in the 1976 debates between Ford and Carter. Ford had already cut into Carter's large lead in the polls, and was generally viewed as having won the first debate on domestic policy.
Polls released after this first debate indicated the race was even. However, in the second debate on foreign policy, Ford made what was widely viewed as a major blunder when he said 'There is no and there never will be under a Ford administration.' After this, Ford's momentum stalled, and Carter won a very close election. President (left) and former Governor (right) at the presidential debate October 28, 1980.
Reagan most memorably deployed the phrase 'there you go again.' Debates were a major factor again in 1980. Earlier in the election season, President Carter had a lead over his opponent, of. Three debates between President, former Governor and Congressman were scheduled; along with a Vice Presidential debate between Vice President, former, and former Governor. Carter refused to debate if Anderson was present and Reagan refused to debate without Anderson, resulting in the first debate being between Reagan and Anderson only. The second debate and the Vice Presidential debate were both cancelled. Reagan conceded Carter's demands and the third debate took place with only Carter and Reagan.
In the debate, with years of experience in front of a camera as an actor, Reagan came across much better than Carter and was judged by voters to have won the debate by a wide margin. This helped propel Reagan into a landslide victory. The Reagan campaign had access to internal debate briefing materials for Carter; the exposure of this in 1983 led to a public scandal called '. In 1984, former Vice President Walter Mondale won the first debate over President Ronald Reagan, in part by criticizing Reagan's age, a performance that generated much-needed donations to Mondale's lagging campaign. The second presidential debate was held on October 21, 1984, where Ronald Reagan used a joke, 'I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience', which effectively negated the age issue and stalled Mondale's momentum.
Since 1976, each presidential election has featured a series of vice presidential debates. Vice presidential debates have been held regularly since 1984. Vice Presidential debates have been largely uneventful and have historically had little impact on the election.
Perhaps the most memorable moment in a Vice Presidential debate came in the 1988 debate between Republican and Democrat. Quayle's selection by the incumbent Vice-President and Republican Presidential candidate was widely criticized; one reason being his relative lack of experience.
In the debate, Quayle attempted to ease this fear by stating that he had as much experience as John F. Kennedy did when he ran for President in 1960.
Democrat Bentsen countered with the now famous statement: 'Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy. I knew Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine.'
The stage at during the / debates in 2008 The year 1992 featured the first debate involving both major-party candidates and a third-party candidate, billionaire running against President Bush and the Democrat nominee. In that year, President Bush was criticized for his early hesitation to join the debates, and some described him as a 'chicken.' Furthermore, he was criticized for looking at his watch which aides initially said was meant to track if the other candidates were debating within their time limits but ultimately it was revealed that the president indeed was checking how much time was left in the debate. Moderators of nationally televised presidential debates have included, and.
Has hosted four primary debates throughout 2004 and 2008; it is a favorite for campaign stops and these national debates because of the college's history in the., however, has hosted the presidential debates (organized by the bipartisan ) three times (in 1992, 2000, and 2004), more than any other location prior to 2016, and it has been selected to host one of the 2016 debates. The university was also scheduled to host a debate in 1996, but it was later negotiated between the two presidential candidates to reduce the number of debates from three to two.
The university hosted the only debate, as well., originally an alternate site, was named the host of the first presidential debate in 2016, after Wright State University withdrew with eight weeks remaining. This positioned Hofstra to be the only school to host presidential debates in three consecutive campaign cycles. Rules and format Some of the debates can feature the candidates standing behind their podiums, or in conference tables with the moderator on the other side. Depending on the agreed format, either the moderator or an audience member can be the one to ask questions. Typically there are no opening statements, just closing statements. A coin toss determines who gets to answer the first question and who will make their closing remarks first.
Each candidate will get alternate turns. Once a question is asked, the candidate has 2 minutes to answer the question. After this, the opposing candidate has around 1 minute to respond and rebut her/his arguments. At the moderator's discretion, the discussion of the question may be extended by 30 seconds per candidate. In recent debates, colored lights resembling traffic lights have been installed to aid the candidate as to the time left with green indicating 30 seconds, yellow indicating 15 seconds and red indicating only 5 seconds are left. If necessary, a buzzer may be used or a flag. Debate sponsorship.
Main article: Control of the presidential debates has been a ground of struggle for more than two decades. The role was filled by the nonpartisan (LWV) civic organization in 1976, 1980 and 1984.
In 1987, the LWV withdrew from debate sponsorship, in protest of the major party candidates attempting to dictate nearly every aspect of how the debates were conducted. On October 2, 1988, the LWV's 14 trustees voted unanimously to pull out of the debates, and on October 3 they issued a press release: The League of Women Voters is withdrawing sponsorship of the presidential debates.because the demands of the two campaign organizations would perpetrate a fraud on the American voter. It has become clear to us that the candidates' organizations aim to add debates to their list of campaign-trail charades devoid of substance, spontaneity and answers to tough questions. The League has no intention of becoming an accessory to the hoodwinking of the American public. According to the LWV, they pulled out because 'the campaigns presented the League with their debate agreement on September 28, two weeks before the scheduled debate.
The campaigns' agreement was negotiated 'behind closed doors'. with 16 pages of conditions not subject to negotiation. Most objectionable to the League.were conditions in the agreement that gave the campaigns unprecedented control over the proceedings.
including control the selection of questioners, the composition of the audience, hall access for the press and other issues.' The same year the two major political parties assumed control of organizing presidential debates through the (CPD).
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The commission has been headed since its inception by former chairs of the and. Some have criticized the exclusion of and candidates as contributing to lower results for candidates such as the or the. Others criticize the parallel interview format as a minimum of getting 15 percent in opinion polls is required to be invited.
In 2004, the (CDC) was formed with the stated mission of returning control of the debates to an independent nonpartisan body rather than a bipartisan body. Nevertheless, the CPD retained control of the debates that year and in 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-28. Retrieved 2016-09-28. Shapiro, Rebecca. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
Stelter, Brian (2016-09-27). Retrieved 2016-09-28. Druckman, J. 'The Power of Television Images: The First Kennedy Nixon Debate Revisited.'
, 65(2), 559-571. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Norton, Bruce (September 26, 2005). Retrieved June 14, 2016. Commission on Presidential Debates. Commission on Presidential Debates.
Retrieved 2 December 2015. Golway, Terry. ', August/September 2004.
June 12, 2010. Retrieved 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2010-05-26. ^ Neuman, Nancy M. (October 2, 1988).
Press release. Retrieved 2012-07-26. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Retrieved October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
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Retrieved October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
Retrieved October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016. Further reading. & LaMay, Craig L.
Inside the Presidential Debates: Their Improbable Past and Promising Future.
This function has been lost almost entirely to the primaries. Almost all of the delegates who attend the Conventions nowadays are committed delegates; that is, chosen in the primaries and committed to voting for their candidate on the first ballot at the Convention if he or she is still in the race. It is therefore more accurate to say that the Convention merely confirms rather than chooses the presidential candidate; not since the Republican Convention of 1976 has the choice of presidential candidate really been in any doubt, when Gerald Ford (Republican) defeated Ronald Reagan (Republican) by 1,187 delegate votes to 1,070. The running-mate is chosen by the presidential candidate. In choosing the vice-presidential candidate, the presidential candidate often looks for a balanced ticket, which means choosing a running-mate who is different from them in terms of: 1) geographic region of origin or residence. 2) political experience.
4) gender, race or religion, potentially. A good example of a balanced ticket would be the Republican ticket in 2008 of John McCain (Southwest, US Congressman, 72, male, moderate Republican) and Sarah Palin (Alaska, State Governor, 44, female, conservative Republican). This function has also been lost. Not since 1956 has a National Convention actually chosen the vice-presidential candidate; nowadays, the running-mate is chosen by the presidential candidate. Indeed, in recent years, the announcement of the running-mate has been made before, rather than at, the National Convention.
In 2008, both Barack Obama (Democrat) and John McCain (Republican) announced their running-mates - Joe Biden (Democrat) and Sarah Palin (Republican) respectively - just before their Conventions convened. It is therefore more accurate to state that the National Convention merely confirms rather than chooses the vice-presidential candidate. Promoting party unity is an important function of the Conventions because: 1) the Convention is the only time in 4 years that the party actually meets together; at other times, the party exists merely as 50 state parties. 2) any wounds created in the primaries can be healed. 3) it gives the defeated candidates an opportunity to support the chosen candidate publicly. The media will comment on whether or not the party is united. Disunited Conventions usually lead to defeat at the general election (such as the Democrats in 1980 or the Republicans in 1992).
The 'ordinary voters', of course, are not at the Convention. It is through television that the parties will hope to communicate with them, and especially through the media coverage of the presidential candidate's acceptance speech on the last night of the Convention. This speech is important because: 1) it is the first opportunity for the presidential candidate to address ordinary voters. 2) the candidate will hope to display presidential qualities to voters. 3) the candidate will give an outline of the policies to be addressed. 4) the candidate will hope to boost their opinion poll ratings as a direct result - what is called 'bounce'.
This was especially important for Obama in 2008 because typical American voters knew little about him. Many commentators suggest that, in comparison to Conventions of years ago, modern-day Conventions are of little importance because: 1) the presidential candidates are chosen in the primaries. 2) the vice-presidential candidates are chosen by the presidential candidates and announced before the Convention. 3) the parties try to lay on 'scripted' and 'sanitised' Conventions, devoid of controversy and hence of interest. 4) the terrestrial (as opposed to the cable) television companies give much less coverage to the Conventions. However, Conventions should not be too easily written off. While the formal functions may have declined in importance, the informal functions are still important.
As presidential election scholar Stephen Wayne puts it, the Conventions 'may have become less newsworthy, but they are still important'.